28+ Rust Jobs in India

Job Title: Senior Blockchain Developer

Job Description:

We are seeking a highly skilled Senior Blockchain Developer to join our team. The ideal candidate will have extensive experience in Ethereum, Bitcoin, Solana, and related technologies, with a strong focus on smart contracts and node setup. The candidate should be proficient in Solidity using tools like Hardhat or Foundry, as well as possess expertise in NodeJS. Experience with Rust, and Golang is considered a significant advantage.

Responsibilities:

- Develop and deploy smart contracts on Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana blockchains.

- Configure and maintain blockchain nodes for optimal performance.

- Collaborate with cross-functional teams to integrate blockchain solutions into existing systems.

- Write clean, efficient, and maintainable code in Solidity, NodeJS, and other relevant languages.

- Stay updated on the latest developments and trends in blockchain technology.

- Contribute to the design and architecture of blockchain-based applications.

Requirements:

- Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, or related field.

- Minimum of 3 years of experience working with blockchain technologies.

- Proficiency in Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana blockchains.

- Strong understanding of smart contracts and their implementation.

- Experience with Solidity using Hardhat or Foundry.

- Solid knowledge of NodeJS.

- Familiarity with Rust, Golang, and Hyperledger is a plus.

- Excellent problem-solving and analytical skills.

- Ability to work both independently and collaboratively in a fast-paced environment.

- Strong communication and interpersonal skills.

If you possess the required skills and are passionate about blockchain technology, we encourage you to apply for this exciting opportunity.

Join us in shaping the future of decentralized applications and blockchain solutions.

Designation - Blockchain developers

Work Mode :- Remote

Qualifications and Experience:

• The Blockchain developer will be responsible for designing, developing and implementing blockchain solutions.
• Candidates must be from Bachelor of Engineering Background.Freshers do not apply
• Minimum 3-5 years of hands on Experience in Blockchain,solidity,RUST,IDO and Token launches is mandatory.
• We are looking Candidates should who can join us immediately or 15 days

Do you have what it takes?

·      Proficient in C, C++ development, OS concepts, Data Structures, Distributed computing, and Algorithms.

·      Actively engaged in projects related to architecture and design (architecture, design patterns, reliability, and scaling).

·      Excellent problem-solving capability with strong fundamentals in Computer Science.

·      Highly proficient in data structures and algorithms.

·      Ability to pick up new technologies rapidly to convert specifications to low level design.

·      Ability to clearly communicate the intent and approach when producing a code design document.

How can you contribute to our success?

·      Develop frontend as well as backend components for delivering product on cloud platforms.

·      Participate in activities that lead up to the code design. This may include activities such as developing prototypes, proof of concept, compare pros and cons of various implementation choices being considered and recommending the most appropriate one.

·      Mentor and influence junior developers to adhere to good coding standards and become quality conscious.

·      Review critical pieces of code that are developed as per this code design.

·      Ensure that the code being delivered is of the highest quality.

·      Ensure appropriate unit tests and functional as well as non-functional tests are considered.

·      Conceptualize and work towards building processes, methodology, and tools to improve team’s ability to deliver high quality software. 

Have you streamed a program on Disney+, watched your favorite binge-worthy series on Peacock or cheered your favorite team on during the World Cup from one of the 20 top streaming platforms around the globe? If the answer is yes, you’ve already benefitted from Conviva technology, helping the world’s leading streaming publishers deliver exceptional streaming experiences and grow their businesses. 

Conviva is the only global streaming analytics platform for big data that collects, standardizes, and puts trillions of cross-screen, streaming data points in context, in real time. The Conviva platform provides comprehensive, continuous, census-level measurement through real-time, server side sessionization at unprecedented scale. If this sounds important, it is! We measure a global footprint of more than 500 million unique viewers in 180 countries watching 220 billion streams per year across 3 billion applications streaming on devices. With Conviva, customers get a unique level of actionability and scale from continuous streaming measurement insights and benchmarking across every stream, every screen, every second.

What you get to do in this role:

Work on extremely high scale RUST web services or backend systems.

Design and develop solutions for highly scalable web and backend systems.

Proactively identify and solve performance issues.

Maintain a high bar on code quality and unit testing.

What you bring to the role:

5+ years of hands-on software development experience.

At least 2+ years of RUST development experience.

Knowledge of cargo packages for kafka, redis etc.

Strong CS fundamentals, including system design, data structures and algorithms.

Expertise in backend and web services development.

Good analytical and troubleshooting skills.

What will help you stand out:

Experience working with large scale web services and applications.

Exposure to Golang, Scala or Java

Exposure to Big data systems like Kafka, Spark, Hadoop etc.

Underpinning the Conviva platform is a rich history of innovation. More than 60 patents represent award-winning technologies and standards, including first-of-its kind-innovations like time-state analytics and AI-automated data modeling, that surfaces actionable insights. By understanding real-world human experiences and having the ability to act within seconds of observation, our customers can solve business-critical issues and focus on growing their business ahead of the competition. Examples of the brands Conviva has helped fuel streaming growth for include: DAZN, Disney+, HBO, Hulu, NBCUniversal, Paramount+, Peacock, Sky, Sling TV, Univision and Warner Bros Discovery.  

Privately held, Conviva is headquartered in Silicon Valley, California with offices and people around the globe. For more information, visit us at www.conviva.com. Join us to help extend our leadership position in big data streaming analytics to new audiences and markets! 

As Conviva is expanding, we are building products providing deep insights into end-user experience for our customers.

Platform and TLB Team

The vision for the TLB team is to build data processing software that works on terabytes of streaming data in real-time. Engineer the next-gen Spark-like system for in-memory computation of large time-series datasets – both Spark-like backend infra and library-based programming model. Build a horizontally and vertically scalable system that analyses trillions of events per day within sub-second latencies. Utilize the latest and greatest big data technologies to build solutions for use cases across multiple verticals. Lead technology innovation and advancement that will have a big business impact for years to come. Be part of a worldwide team building software using the latest technologies and the best of software development tools and processes.

What You’ll Do

This is an individual contributor position. Expectations will be on the below lines:

• Design, build and maintain the stream processing, and time-series analysis system which is at the heart of Conviva’s products
• Responsible for the architecture of the Conviva platform
• Build features, enhancements, new services, and bug fixing in Scala and Java on a Jenkins-based pipeline to be deployed as Docker containers on Kubernetes
• Own the entire lifecycle of your microservice including early specs, design, technology choice, development, unit-testing, integration-testing, documentation, deployment, troubleshooting, enhancements, etc.
• Lead a team to develop a feature or parts of a product
• Adhere to the Agile model of software development to plan, estimate, and ship per business priority

What you need to succeed

• 5+ years of work experience in software development of data processing products.
• Engineering degree in software or equivalent from a premier institute.
• Excellent knowledge of fundamentals of Computer Science like algorithms and data structures. Hands-on with functional programming and know-how of its concepts
• Excellent programming and debugging skills on the JVM. Proficient in writing code in Scala/Java/Rust/Haskell/Erlang that is reliable, maintainable, secure, and performant
• Experience with big data technologies like Spark, Flink, Kafka, Druid, HDFS, etc.
• Deep understanding of distributed systems concepts and scalability challenges including multi-threading, concurrency, sharding, partitioning, etc.
• Experience/knowledge of Akka/Lagom framework and/or stream processing technologies like RxJava or Project Reactor will be a big plus. Knowledge of design patterns like event-streaming, CQRS and DDD to build large microservice architectures will be a big plus
• Excellent communication skills. Willingness to work under pressure. Hunger to learn and succeed. Comfortable with ambiguity. Comfortable with complexity

Underpinning the Conviva platform is a rich history of innovation. More than 60 patents represent award-winning technologies and standards, including first-of-its kind-innovations like time-state analytics and AI-automated data modeling, that surfaces actionable insights. By understanding real-world human experiences and having the ability to act within seconds of observation, our customers can solve business-critical issues and focus on growing their business ahead of the competition. Examples of the brands Conviva has helped fuel streaming growth for include: DAZN, Disney+, HBO, Hulu, NBCUniversal, Paramount+, Peacock, Sky, Sling TV, Univision and Warner Bros Discovery.  

Privately held, Conviva is headquartered in Silicon Valley, California with offices and people around the globe. For more information, visit us at www.conviva.com. Join us to help extend our leadership position in big data streaming analytics to new audiences and markets! 

Astra Technologies Inc is a US-based startup with a wholly-owned subsidiary in Chennai, India. We are building cryptocurrency trading infrastructure for financial institutions and other businesses. We are seeking candidates with the following skills:

1.   Strong software engineering skills

2.   Proficiency in the Rust programming language (not required, but beneficial)

3.   Knowledge of a scripting language such as Javascript and Python

4.   Familiarity with blockchain technology

5.   Excellent communication skills.

We are seeking candidates with varying levels of experience, from developers to senior developers and architects. The company will provide a joining bonus for candidates who join within two weeks of receiving it.

The selected candidates will have the following job responsibilities:

• Build unified API for crypto trading
• Develop products, applications and systems that meet client requirements and are scalable, maintainable, and robust.
• Work with other members of the development team to identify and resolve technical issues.
• Participate in design and code reviews to ensure that best practices are followed.
• Collaborate with other departments, such as marketing and quality assurance, to ensure that our products meet the needs of our customers.
• Stay up-to-date with emerging technologies and industry trends to ensure that our products remain competitive in the marketplace.

We are looking for a Rust Developer to join our cutting-edge development team as it grows. The candidate must be comfortable working in an agile environment and can take the lead when necessary.

Responsibilities:

• Responsible for developing the product as per the product specification defined by the product managers
• Responsible for performing research on the best methods of implementing the requirements
• Author and curate technical documentation to support delivery, maintenance, and adoption
• Work with programmers, engineers, and management heads to identify process improvement opportunities, propose system modifications, and devise governance strategies to optimise the overall performance
• Design and develop automated deployment and maintenance mechanisms
• Solving development challenges and making architectural decisions by understanding the larger picture of the project goals
• Expanding your existing skill set, and picking up on various rust-dependent frameworks
• Confidently communicating and collaborating with your fellow developers in an office set-up.

Requirements:

• Must have experience in Rust programming language
• Have excellent knowledge of different data structures and algorithms
• Working knowledge of any other programming language Python, Java, or JavaScript is good to have
• Experience with, or understanding of, Kafka or Redis, Cloud infrastructure services, and Docker is an added advantage
• Experience with SQL or NoSQL databases, MySQL, MongoDB, Elasticsearch, etc.
• Experience in Backend and APIs development
• Experience in analysing and optimising the platform's performance

We are looking for someone to join our growing team, you will be involved using Rust. Additionally, you will be building tools for our blockchain users such as RESTful API.Debugging/fixing issues within our codebase.

The ideal candidate will be responsible for conceptualizing and executing clear, quality code to develop the best software. You will test your code, identify errors, and iterate to ensure quality code. You will also support our customers and partners by troubleshooting any of their software issues.

Responsiblities:

Rust (5+ years)

Software Engineering experience, Python, JAVA, REACT etc.

Hands on experience with tooling related to Rust (build systems, package managers, unit testing, CI pipelines)

Ability to develop software, implement mission-critical features, and navigate through a large codebase

Experience with code review process and ability to conduct them

Strong ability work in a team environment

Fluency in Git and Github

Ability to follow Agile development process

Attention to detail and ability to producing production-level code

Active approach to work, taking initiative to define and complete tasks

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving skills, ability to work independently

Highly detail-oriented mindset and willingness to learn

Ability to communicate in English (spoken & written)

Understanding compilers and virtual machines

Basic understanding of blockchains and Ethereum

Knowledge of Solana and/or Cardano

Detect and troubleshoot software issues

Write clear quality code for software and applications and perform test reviews

Develop, implement, and test APIs

Provide input on software development projects

Qualifications

• Comfort using programming languages and relational databases
• Strong debugging and troubleshooting skills

The tech stack looks like the below (expect this to change as we scale):

1. Typescript for APIs (REST and GraphQL)
2. Kafka, Spark, and data warehouses for ML pipelines (spark on python/scala)
3. Solidity + hardhat for smart contracts (in the future, rust, go and move)
4. AWS & Terraform
5. Full nodes

You can expect to do some or all of the following:

1. Read through protocols’ whitepapers and smart contracts to derive metrics and analyze risks
2. Architect the backend for APIs, async jobs, and blockchain integration
3. Build clean, concise APIs for customer integration, along with the documentation
4. Setup, run and maintain full and archive nodes across different chains
5. Integrate with multiple partners like exchanges and custody providers
6. Fool-proof security across the stack - encryption, hashing, privacy, VPC, etc.
7. Infrastructure as code - build terraform scripts and ensure easy replication of the infra across different regions
8. Research the top DeFi protocols to uncover better insights for our customers and evaluate their risk profiles, security, and historical returns
9. Manage production deployments, logging, and monitoring

We expect you to be fairly comfortable with working with both web3 and web2 stacks. We do not expect that you have web3 experience on day 1, but you should be willing to wear multiple hats, learn things quickly and move fast.

1. Generalist, a solid engineer who can learn things on your own and have an eye for clean, tested, and well-documented code
2. We don’t look at the number of years of work experience as a criterion, but rather see what you have done in your life so far (side projects, open-source contributions, blogs, etc.). We don’t care about degrees, the institutions you went to, or the companies you worked for before. We are open to talking as long as you have good judgment, great clarity, align with our values and have a strong track record of thoughtful work
3. Understand the fundamentals of building and integrating APIs and secure systems. Bonus if you know a bit about blockchains and protocols
4. You can be strong on the backend, front-end, or can dabble everywhere. We want you to play to your strengths and will provide enough opportunities to learn and do things outside of your comfort zone

Pay and benefits We offer a solid, competitive package (including early-stage equity) that is location agnostic. We give you the flexibility to choose the split between cash and equity.

Built a collaboration platform - messaging, voice, video - to be used in mobile apps, web etc. 

● Good understanding of Docker and Kubernetes deployments

Requirements

Responsibilities

Hiring Process

Antier, a leading brand in Crypto Assets Management, is looking for a Golang Developer capable of writing custom blockchains and have good knowledge of C++ or Rust / Golang.

Antier – a leading blockchain development company – harnesses the power of blockchain and other technologies like distributed ledger and smart contracts to build scalable, asset agnostic applications such as white label exchange platforms (centralized, decentralized and P2P), smart wallets, ICO, STO, tokens and other enterprise blockchain solutions development. Our experts follow design thinking-driven approach to identify blockchain use cases and create intelligent strategies around the same to accelerate your deployments. Together, we are decentralizing the world by combining our deep domain expertise and rich experience to deliver blockchain solutions at enterprise scale. 

Experience: 1-4 years

Required Skills: 

1. Able to write programs with a compiled language (C/C++, Go, or Rust)
2. Must have knowledge of SQL Database programming.
3. Degree or equivalent in Software Engineering.
4. Problem-solving skills.
5. Excited to learn and develop blockchain technology (No experience yet? No problem!)
6. Possess a strong sense of ownership in your work, which drives you to find ways to do things better and faster.
7. Always up-to-speed on the latest technologies.
8. Constantly on the lookout for new and innovative ways to solve complex problems through rigorous experimentation.
9. Your communication style is open, transparent, and direct, and you consistently work in tight collaboration with your teammates.
10. Always open to feedback, new ideas, and opportunities for self-improvement.
11. Ability to work independently as well as collaborate with a small team of developers on various work streams and guide them on development tasks, perform code reviews and ensure design and coding are adhering to architectural standards.

We harness the potential of varied Blockchain platforms to deliver innovative enterprise grade blockchain solutions that make a difference. Get a chance to explore  a completely new environment of working.

We are looking for a Blockchain Developer who has around 2-3 years of experience, and has past experience with working on blockchain-based systems and scenarios. The ideal candidate would be someone who understands the concepts of Blockchain technology and having working experience on Rust and Solana.

• Desire to work in a startup environment, fun@work culture and able to self-manage.

• In Depth understanding of at-least two blockchain network like Rust, Substrate, Polkadot Solana, Hedera Hashgraph, Tezos, BlockApps, Algorand, Corda, Lambda, Cargo etc

• Familiarity with basic cryptography to understand the essentials of blockchain systems.

• Hands on in Rust

• Designing and writing well-structured APIs in Node.js and MongoDb to connect to Blockchain infrastructure

• Staying up to date with new developments and news in integrated chains.

• Past experience with Wallets or Crypto Exchanges would be a major plus.

• Experience with third-party libraries and APIs.

• Experience working in an agile development process.

• Documenting architecture and guidelines.

• Be proficient in using version control and continuous integration, with tools such as Gitlab, Git and Jenkins.

• Write clear, maintainable and testable code that you are proud of.

• Attend training and education where necessary to up-skill themselves.

• Experience in writing smart contracts for large-scale production blockchain applications.

• Cross-team contribution whenever required.

• Familiarity with basic cryptography.

• Should have a deep understanding of the blockchain and cryptocurrency space and smart contract systems, specifically having a deep understanding of Rust.

We are looking for a Blockchain Developer who has around 2-3 years of experience, and has past experience with working on blockchain-based systems and scenarios. The ideal candidate would be someone who understands the concepts of Blockchain technology and having working experience on Rust and Solana.

• Desire to work in a startup environment, fun@work culture and able to self-manage.

• In Depth understanding of at-least two blockchain network like Rust, Substrate, Polkadot Solana, Hedera Hashgraph, Tezos, BlockApps, Algorand, Corda, Lambda, Cargo etc

• Familiarity with basic cryptography to understand the essentials of blockchain systems.

• Hands on in Rust

• Designing and writing well-structured APIs in Node.js and MongoDb to connect to Blockchain infrastructure

• Staying up to date with new developments and news in integrated chains.

• Past experience with Wallets or Crypto Exchanges would be a major plus.

• Experience with third-party libraries and APIs.

• Experience working in an agile development process.

• Documenting architecture and guidelines.

• Be proficient in using version control and continuous integration, with tools such as Gitlab, Git and Jenkins.

• Write clear, maintainable and testable code that you are proud of.

• Attend training and education where necessary to up-skill themselves.

• Experience in writing smart contracts for large-scale production blockchain applications.

• Cross-team contribution whenever required.

• Familiarity with basic cryptography.

• Should have a deep understanding of the blockchain and cryptocurrency space and smart contract systems, specifically having a deep understanding of Rust.

Java Backend Engineer - Fintech Rocketship Pilot

Distributed systems, scalability, reliability, robustness, security, quality, building responsive real time systems - do these terms get your adrenaline high? Come be a part of a high growth, fast paced engineering team building for India’s new generation.

We have an open culture, you take responsibility and ownership of what you do. No bureaucracy. No bullsh*t.

If you are up for big engineering challenges, personal and professional growth, then let’s join forces!

You’ll fit right in if you have - 2-3 years of experience building, running and maintaining production services Strong with Java and JVM based services along with PostgreSQL Comfortable working with multiple cloud providers: mainly GCP and AWS Comfortable with CI and CD tools and best practices Done TDD and values TDD

Good to have –

We at Wow Labz are always striving to look for exciting problems to solve. Whether we’re creating new products or helping a small startup extend its reach, we build from our heart. We’re entrepreneurial and we love new ideas. Fun culture with a team that cares about your development and growth.

You will be a part of Wow Labz’s core development team, building new software and defining standards for our very own blockchain product. You will be involved in defining technical specifications, implementing design patterns and hands-on development. You will be writing modules that all the other developers would use, including libraries, APIs, database/ storage connections and third party integrations. Your diligence and patience to build highly-secured, scalable and high-performance solutions will be most valued.

• Understanding Rust design patterns and writing performant and maintainable code in the language
• Solving development challenges and making architectural decisions by understanding the larger picture of the project’s goals.
• Expanding your existing skill-set, and picking up on various rust dependent frameworks.
• Writing code that other developers use, including libraries, APIs and configurations.
• Building secure and high-performance networked applications.
• Paying close attention to unit-testing and security.
• Confidently communicating and collaborating with your fellow developers in a remote team environment.

• 1-2 year of core Rust development experience
• 2 or more years of software development experience
• Strong understanding of macros, traits, generics and lifetimes
• Experience with Cargo, including dependency management
• Experience with frameworks like HyperWeb, Mio, Tokio, Rocket and Actix (at least two)
• Experience using the Git Version Control System (VCS)
• Experience with CI tools like Rustfmt, Clippy or Rustfix
• Experience writing Unit Tests using Rustfmt or similar 
• Exposure to performance benchmarking
• Exposure to serverless products like AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Cloudflare Workers 
• Motivated by challenging projects, and you absolutely love developing with Rust.
• Developed multi-threaded software and understand the asynchronous functionalities.

• Experience with blockchain and/or Substrate is a plus
• Experience in Mongodb, MySQL, or Javascript is a plus
• Experience with cloud platforms like AWS/ Azure/GCP is a plus
• Software architecture and API design knowledge is a plus

• Curious and aware of the latest digital and social media trends
• Extremely self-driven and able to execute in a diligent manner
• Strong relationship-building skills
• Exceptional analytical reasoning, problem-solving, and creative thinking skills
• Team player that thrives in a collaborative environment
• You can work cross-functionally and collaborative on common goals
• Fluent in English, written and spoken
• Capacity to foster a healthy, stimulating work environment that frequently harnesses teamwork

At Olegacy, we build applications connecting people to Web3. Our office is in Bengaluru and Dubai. We are expanding to our Dubai office and would love to invite all individuals who are passionate about the blockchain space to apply. We are currently seeking a Blockchain Engineer to help develop and build a decentralized finance application. The ideal candidate is a self-inspired individual who is passionate about blockchain technologies and disrupting current potential financial norm.

Responsibilities

• Work with the team to achieve product update milestones within the set time frames
• Design, develop, program, test, debug and maintain smart contracts code for a decentralized application
• Apply the latest cryptography techniques to protect digital transaction data against cyberattacks and information hacks

• Evaluate scalability, security, performance and gas optimization of the decentralized application
• Collaborate with the team on API design
• Collaborate with the team on planning and implementing frictionless user experiences

Qualifications

• Bachelor's / Master's degree in Computer Science
• Strong proficiency in Cryptography
• Strong proficiency in smart contracts written in Solidity
• Strong proficiency in JavaScript, NODE.js and C++
• Experience with blockchain technology​
• Bonus: Understanding of the intricacies of iOS and Android
• Bonus: Experience developing NFTs on Ethereum

Soft Skills

• Team Player
• Strong English language communication skills
• Self-starter
• Enjoys working in a fast-paced start-up culture
• Growth mindset

• Write a significant amount of code for new and existing databases and related systems
• Scale and own these backend systems and databases
• Ship high-quality code and architecture
• Mentor engineers on the team, developing their skills and helping advance their careers
• Work with the founders to flesh out the future of the product
• Help shape the future of our engineering organization

Requirements

• A passion for working on deeply technical projects and wanting to work on distributed systems, concurrency & parallelism, replication protocols, file systems & correctness
• You have been building applications for 5+ years with C/C++ or Rust and have significant backend, database, or systems-level programming experience
• You have a BS/MS/Ph.D. in a scientific field or equivalent experience
• You want to work in a fast-paced, high-growth startup environment that respects its engineers and customers
• You are comfortable working with a 100% distributed engineering team, collaborating on GitHub, Slack, Zoom, etc. in the open and as a self-starter

Bonus points:

• Experience working on databases or other storage systems internals
• Experience with Apache Arrow, Apache Parquet
• Know how columnar databases work
• Know how to convert an algorithm to use SIMD instructions
• Good knowledge of Linux internals
• You’ve contributed to open-source libraries and actively participate in the development community (blogging, giving talks, meetups, tweeting, etc.)

Job Description:

• Programming and optimizing rust / wasm based smart contracts
• Design, research and develop blockchain-based solutions
• Developing decentralized high-performance systems
• Building reliable and fast data storages
• Working with virtual machines used by modern blockchains: WebAssembly, EVM, COSMWASM
• Implementing consensus algorithms and other protocols
• Security audits of third-party and internal solutions
• Establishing policies and procedures that produce secure, high-quality software
• Write and review technical proposals
• Improve engineering standards, tooling, and processes
• Coding with concurrency, efficiency and scalability as primary motive
• Document systems, build runbooks, and automate those processes
• Being hands on by writing, testing, and deploying high-performance networking code
• Rigor on clean code, unit testing, code coverage and best practices
• Developing infrastructure software
• Supporting and Leading the team of junior developers.

Required qualifications:

3+ years experience in developing smart contracts, 2.5+ years of experience in Rust, willingness to learn on the go, ability to write clean code, a strong sense of responsibility.

Tech Stack:

Rust, cargo, git, linux, bash, ability to work with Docker.

Nice to have:

cryptography and system software development experience,understanding of design patterns, understanding of operating systems and networks, ability to design algorithms and mathematical models.